![]() ![]() ![]() These devices are relatively inexpensive and are coupled with easy-to-use software. With the recent advent of consumer-grade biosensing wearables such as Apple Watch for heart rate and the BrainBit headband for brain waves, music therapists and researchers now have more options. But these types of medical-grade equipment cost thousands of dollars, furthering the limitation in accessibility of therapeutic use of music. Both of these types of devices are useful in helping researchers detect and measure stress and anxiety ( Lampert, 2015 Katmah et al., 2021). And an Electroencephalogram (EEG) headset can record brain waves. For example, an Electrocardiogram (ECG) machine can record heart rate and other cardiovascular measurements. This limitation has been linked to the ordinal nature of emotions, where variance from participants can affect accuracy ( Kersten et al., 2012 Yannakakis et al., 2021).Ī more recent option has been to use medical-grade biosensing equipment to record psychophysiological data. But questionnaires provide limited quantitative data when researching emotions-such as stress and anxiety. Scales such as the Visual Analog Scale for Anxiety (VAS-A) and State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI) are available to therapists and researchers. Music therapists and researchers have traditionally used questionnaires before and after a therapeutic music session to gauge efficacy. This makes it more difficult for subjects to find therapy opportunities. This limits therapy options and research to a restricted environment involving subject matter experts that can prepare the environment, control the session, and perform analysis on data collected. A music therapist’s role is multi-faceted, being witness, sound engineer, producer, and co-creator ( Stensæth and Magee, 2016). Any activity involving participants also requires a trained music therapist to guide the session. However, the success of therapeutic use of music has limits in scale of treatment and research. group therapy settings, the use of treatment protocols, and the tempo and beat choices of the music ( de Witte et al., 2022b). ![]() A meta-study examining the use of music therapy for stress and anxiety treatment found significant effects across various dimensions, including psychological and physiological impacts, individual vs. Studies have demonstrated the positive effects of using music as a therapeutic tool, including a reduction in cortisol levels, heart rate, and arterial pressure ( de Witte et al., 2022b). The therapeutic use of music addresses the psychophysiological relationship between body and mind, which is crucial knowledge given that stress and anxiety can lead to comorbidity ( Johnson, 2019) and increase the likelihood of anxiety disorders later in life ( Essau et al., 2018). Notable figures from the 19th century include Czech physician Leopold Raudnitz, who conducted work with patients in a Prague insane asylum, and clergyman and musician Frederick Kill Harford who is considered a pioneer of music therapy ( Kramer, 2000). Musicians, physicians, philosophers, and religious leaders, such as priests, have attempted to identify efficacy ( Kramer, 2000). Music has been used as a healer and form of therapy across cultures for centuries and has evolved as a methodology since the 19th century. There are numerous ways to cope with and address stress and anxiety, but one often overlooked tool is the therapeutic use of music. ![]() Both stress and anxiety have been estimated to cost $300 billion worldwide per year in costs ( Fink, 2016). Stress and anxiety are considered a health epidemic in the twenty-first century, according to the World Health Organization (WHO). ![]()
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